He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
【重点词汇】
evolution [ˌiːvəˈluːʃn] n. 进化;演变;发展
characterize [ˈkærəktəraɪz] v. 是……的特征;以……为典型
struggle [ˈstrʌɡl] n. 斗争;奋斗;努力
v. 斗争;抗争
survival [səˈvaɪvl] n. 生存;存活;幸存
eventually [ɪˈventʃuəli] adv. 最后;终于
【句子分析】
主句：He(主语)argued(谓语)that从句(宾语)
That宾语从句：that(引导词)human evolution(主语)was characterized(谓语)
省略引导词的定语从句：(that)(宾语)he(主语)called(谓语)the “survival of the fittest,”(宾语补足语)
Which定语从句：in which(状语)weaker races and societies(主语)must eventually be replaced(谓语)
【补充分析】
①by a struggle为that宾语从句中的方式状语;
②省略了that的定语从句和in which引导的定语从句的先行词都是struggle;
③by stronger, more advanced races and societies为in which定语从句中的方式状语。
【参考译文】
他认为，人类进化的特征是他称之为“适者生存”的斗争。在这场斗争中，较弱的种族和社会终究会被更强的、更高级的种族和社会所代替。
He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
【重点词汇】
popularize [ˈpɒpjələraɪz] v. 宣传;宣扬;推广
previously [ˈpriːviəsli] adv. 先前;以前
infection [ɪnˈfekʃn] n. 传染;感染;传染病
arouse [əˈraʊz] v. 激起;引起;唤醒
controversy [ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi] n. 争论;辩论;论战
【句子分析】
主句：He(主语)helped(谓语)popularize the idea(省略to的不定式充当宾语)
That同位语从句：that(引导词)some diseases(主语)were(系动词)actually infections(表语)
Which定语从句：which(主语)aroused(谓语)much controversy(宾语)
When时间状语从句：when(引导词)it(主语)was first suggested(谓语)
【补充分析】
①not previously thought to have a bacterial cause为some diseases的后置定语;
②that同位语从句说明idea的具体内容;
③which引导的定语从句先行词为the idea that some diseases…infections。
【参考译文】
他帮助传播这样的思想：那些原先不被认为是由细菌引起的疾病，实际上是传染病。这个想法一经提出就引发了许多争议。
Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.
【重点词汇】
publish [ˈpʌblɪʃ] v. 出版;发行;刊登;发表;发布
intelligent [ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt] adj. 有才智的;悟性强的;聪明的
explain [ɪkˈspleɪn] v. 解释;说明;阐明
【句子分析】
主句：he(主语)is publishing(谓语)a paper(宾语)
Which定语从句：which(主语)not only suggests(谓语1)that从句(宾语1)but(连词)explains(谓语2)the process(宾语2)
That宾语从句：that(引导词)one group of humanity(主语)is(系动词)more intelligent(表语)
That定语从句：that(主语)has brought this about(谓语)
【补充分析】
①Together with another two scientists为主句的状语;
②which引导的定语从句修饰paper，其中，定语从句的谓语由not only…but…并列;
③which引导的定语从句中than the others为比较状语;
④that引导的定语从句修饰process。
【参考译文】
他和另外两位科学家即将联合发表一篇论文，这篇文章不仅指出了人类某些族群要比其他族群聪明，而且解释了这是怎么形成的。
While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
【重点词汇】
privately [ˈpraɪvətli] adv. 私下地;(买卖)通过私人地
distaste [dɪsˈteɪst] n. 不喜欢;反感;厌恶
slavery [ˈsleɪvəri] n. 奴隶身份;奴隶制
bedrock [ˈbedrɒk] n. 牢固基础;基本事实;基本原则;基岩
【句子分析】
主句：they(主语)also understood(谓语)that从句(宾语)
While让步状语从句：While(引导词)Washington and Jefferson(主语)[privately] expressed(谓语)distaste for slavery(宾语)
That宾语从句：that(引导词)it(主语)was(系动词)part of the political and economic bedrock(表语)
省略引导词的定语从句：(that)(宾语)they(主语)helped to create(谓语)
【补充分析】
①宾语从句中of the country作bedrock的后置定语;
②省略that的定语从句的先行词为country。
【参考译文】
尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私下都表示憎恶奴隶制，但是他们也明白，奴隶制度是他们帮助创建的这个国家的政治经济根基的一部分。
Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.
【重点词汇】
observe [əbˈzɜːv] v. 看到;注意到;观察到
bravery [ˈbreɪvəri] n. 勇敢;勇气;无畏精神
Revolutionary [ˌrevəˈluːʃənəri] adj. 革命的;彻底变革的;巨变的
n. (支持)改革者;(尤指)革命者
opposition [ˌɒpəˈzɪʃn] n. 反对;反抗
grant [ɡrɑːnt] v. 同意;准予;允许
n. (政府、机构的)拨款
will [wɪl] n. 遗嘱;意志;意愿
【句子分析】
主句：Washington(主语)overcame(谓语)the strong opposition(宾语)
Who定语从句：who(主语)had begun(谓语)to believe that从句(宾语)
That宾语从句：that(引导词)all men(主语)were created(谓语)equal(主语补足语)
【补充分析】
①after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War为定语从句中的时间状语;
②who定语从句中先行词为Washington;
③of his relatives为后置定语修饰opposition;
④to grant his slaves their freedom in his will为主干部分的目的状语。
【参考译文】
华盛顿在亲眼目睹了黑人士兵在独立战争中的骁勇善战后，开始相信所有人生来是平等的，于是他不顾亲人们的极力反对，立下遗嘱让其奴隶自由。
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