Humans May Need More Sleep in Cold Weather
题材：生活类
出处：The Guardian《卫报》
字数：612 words
[1] Whether we’re night owls or morning larks, our body clocks are set by the sun. Theoretically, changing day length and light exposure over the course of the year could affect the duration and quality of our sleep. But figuring out how this applies in practice is difficult. Although studies where people assess their own sleep have suggested an increase in sleep duration during winter, objective measures are needed to determine how exactly the seasons affect sleep.
【不管是夜猫子还是百灵鸟，我们的生物钟都是由太阳设定的。从理论上来说，一年中白昼长度和光照变化会影响我们睡眠的时长和质量。不过要弄清楚这些事情在实际中是如何发生的还有些困难。尽管自我睡眠评估的研究表明，冬季的睡眠时间会增加，但要明确季节究竟如何影响睡眠还需要客观的测量。】
【重点词汇】
theoretically /ˈθiːəˌrɛtɪklɪ/ adv. 从理论上说
duration /djuˈreɪʃn/ n. 持续期间
assess /əˈses/ v. 评估，评定
[2] Scientists studying sleep difficulties have now published data in Frontiers in Neuroscience that shows that, even in an urban population experiencing disrupted sleep, humans experience longer REM sleep in winter than summer and less deep sleep in autumn.
【研究睡眠困难的科学家日前在《神经科学前沿》杂志上发布了数据，该数据表明即使在睡眠受到干扰的城市人口中，人们在冬天的快速眼动睡眠时间也要比夏天长，而在秋天的深度睡眠时间较少。】
【重点词汇】
disrupt /dɪsˈrʌpt/ v. 扰乱;打乱
REM sleep：快动眼睡眠，也叫异相睡眠。它是睡眠质量中的一个环节。REM睡眠中，睡眠者的眼球有快速跳动的现象，呼吸和心跳变得不规则，肌肉完全瘫痪，并且很难被外界唤醒。一般情况下，保持适度的REM睡眠对身体是有一定的好处的。过多会引起头晕头痛等;过少则会导致睡眠不足，睡眠质量不好等。
【长难句分析】
Scientists studying sleep difficulties have now published data in Frontiers in Neuroscience that shows that, even in an urban population experiencing disrupted sleep, humans experience longer REM sleep in winter than summer and less deep sleep in autumn.
主句：Scientists studying sleep difficulties have now published data in Frontiers in Neuroscience;其中studying sleep difficulties是现在分词短语做后置定语修饰scientists;
定语从句：(data) shows that…;先行词是data;
宾语从句：that even in an urban population experiencing disrupted sleep, humans experience longer REM in winter than summer and less deep sleep in autumn;其中，experiencing disrupted sleep是现在分词短语做后置定语修饰population。
[3] “Possibly one of the most precious achievements in human evolution is an almost invisibility of seasonality on the behavioral level,” said Dr. Dieter Kunz, corresponding author of the study, based at the Clinic of Sleep & Chronomedicine at the St Hedwig Hospital, Berlin.
【该研究的通讯作者、柏林圣海德薇格医院睡眠与时间医学诊所的研究员迪特尔·昆茨博士(Dr. Dieter Kunz)指出：“人类进化中最珍贵的成就之一可能是在行为层面上几乎看不到季节性(变化)”。】
【重点词汇】
evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/ n. 进化
invisibility /ɪnˌvɪzəˈbɪləti/ n. 不可见性
seasonality /ˌsiːzəˈnæləti/ n. 季节性
corresponding author 通讯作者
[4] “In our study we show that human sleep architecture varies substantially across seasons in an adult population living in an urban environment.”
【通过研究，我们发现生活在城市中的成年人的睡眠结构在不同的季节有很大的变化。】
【重点词汇】
substantially /səbˈstænʃəli/ adv. 非常;大大地
[5] Studying sleep
A team of scientists led by Ms. Aileen Seidler in Dr. Kunz’s working group at the Charité Medical University of Berlin recruited 292 patients that had undergone sleep studies called polysomnographies at the St Hedwig Hospital.
【柏林夏里特医科大学(Charité Medical University of Berlin)昆茨博士工作组成员艾琳·塞德勒(Aileen Seidler)女士领导的一支科学家团队招募了292名在圣海德威格医院(St Hedwig Hospital)接受多导睡眠描记法研究的患者。】
【重点词汇】
recruit /rɪˈkruːt/ v. 吸收(新成员);招募(新兵)n. 新警员
undergo /ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ/ v. 经历，经受(变化、不快的事等)
polysomnography：多导睡眠描记法(PSG)，可以监测睡眠时间、睡眠效率、清醒以及各种身体功能包括大脑活动(通过 EEG 监测)、眼动(EOG)、肌肉运动(EMG)、心率(ECG)等。
[6] These studies are regularly carried out on patients who experience sleep-related difficulties, using a special laboratory where patients are asked to sleep naturally without an alarm clock, and the quality and type of sleep can be monitored as well as the length of sleep.
【这些研究会定期在有睡眠障碍的患者身上进行。在一个特殊的实验室里，研究者要求患者在没有闹钟的情况下自然入睡，以便检测睡眠质量、类型和时间。】
【重点词汇】
monitor /ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/ v. 监视;检查;跟踪 n. 显示器;班长
[7] Although the sleep disorders could potentially affect the results, this makes for a large study group evenly spread throughout the year, allowing for the investigation of month-to-month differences.
【尽管睡眠障碍可能会影响结果，但这使得研究小组成员在一年中均匀分布，从而能够对月度差异进行调查。】
【重点词汇】
disorder /dɪsˈɔːdə(r)/ n. 杂乱;混乱
potentially /pəˈtenʃəli/ adv. 可能地;潜在地
evenly /ˈiːvnli/ adv. 平均地;有规律地
[8] The team excluded patients who were taking medications known to affect sleep, technical failures during the polysomnography, and REM sleep latency longer than 120 minutes, which suggested that the first REM sleep episode had been skipped. Once these exclusions had been made, 188 patients remained. Most of their diagnoses showed no seasonal pattern, but insomnia was more commonly diagnosed towards the end of the year.
【研究小组排除了服用已知会影响睡眠的药物、多导睡眠描记法中出现技术故障以及快速眼动睡眠潜伏期超过120分钟的患者，这表明第一次快速眼动睡眠被跳过了。将有这些情况的患者排除后，还剩下188人。虽然从他们大多数人的诊断中看不出季节性变化，但是可以看出年底失眠的情况更常见。】
【重点词汇】
exclude /ɪkˈskluːd/ v. 不包括;不放在考虑之列
latency /ˈleɪtənsi/ n. 延迟;潜伏期
episode /ˈepɪsəʊd/ n. 事件;经历
skip /skɪp/ v. 蹦蹦跳跳地走;不做，逃避
diagnose /ˈdaɪəɡnəʊz/ v. 诊断(疾病)
[9] Winter sees more REM sleep
Even though the patients were based in an urban environment with low natural light exposure and high light pollution, which should affect any seasonality regulated by light, the scientists found subtle but striking changes across the seasons. Although total sleep time appeared to be about an hour longer in the winter than the summer, this result was not statistically significant.
【尽管患者生活在自然光照较少、光污染严重的城市环境中，这应该会影响受光控制的任何季节性变化，但科学家们发现了季节之间微妙而又显著的变化。尽管冬季的总睡眠时间似乎比夏季长了大约一个小时，但这一结果并没有统计学意义。】
【重点词汇】
regulate /ˈreɡjuleɪt/ v. 约束;控制;管理
subtle /ˈsʌtl/ adj. 不易察觉的;微妙的
striking /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/ adj. 引人注目的;显著的
statistically /stəˈtɪstɪkli/ adv. 统计学上
[10] However, REM sleep was 30 minutes longer in the winter than in summer. REM sleep is known to be directly linked to the circadian clock, which is affected by changing light. Although the team acknowledged that these results would need to be validated in a population which experiences no sleep difficulties, the seasonal changes may be even greater in a healthy population.
【然而，冬季的快速眼动睡眠比夏季长30分钟。众所周知，快速眼动睡眠直接与生物钟相关，而生物钟会受到光线变化的影响。尽管研究小组承认这些结果需要在没有睡眠困难的人群中去验证，但在健康人群中，季节性变化可能会更大。】
【重点词汇】
circadian /sɜːˈkeɪdiən/ adj. 昼夜节律的;生理节奏的
validate /ˈvælɪdeɪt/ v. 证实;确认;使生效
[11] “This study needs to be replicated in a large cohort of healthy subjects,” cautioned Kunz.
【昆茨提醒道：“这些研究需要在大批健康受试者身上重复进行”。】
【重点词汇】
replicate /ˈreplɪkeɪt/ v. 复制; 重做(试验、工作或研究)
[12] Although most people’s waking time is currently largely out of their control, due to school or work schedules, society might benefit from accommodations which would allow humans to respond more effectively to the changing seasons. In the meantime, going to sleep earlier in the winter might help accommodate human seasonality.
【尽管大多数人的起床时间受学校或者工作的影响，但让人们更有效地应对季节变化的调整，于社会而言可能是有益的。与此同时，在冬天早睡可能有助于适应人类的季节性变化。】
【重点词汇】
accommodation /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ n. 住处;住宿
respond /rɪˈspɒnd/ v. 回答;回应 (respond to…)
[13] “Seasonality is ubiquitous in any living being on this planet,” said Kunz.
【昆茨指出：“季节性在这个星球上的任何生物身上都是无处不在的”。】
【重点词汇】
ubiquitous /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ adj. 无所不在的
[14] “Even though we still perform unchanged, over the winter human physiology is down-regulated, with a sensation of ‘running-on-empty’ in February or March. In general, societies need to adjust sleep habits including length and timing to season, or adjust school and working schedules to seasonal sleep needs.”
【“尽管我们没有表现出季节性变化，但在冬季，人体生理机能会下降，在2月或3月有一种‘被掏空’的感觉。总的来说，社会需要根据季节调整睡眠习惯，包括睡眠时长和时间，或者根据季节睡眠需求调整学习和工作时间。”】
【重点词汇】
physiology /ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/ n. 生理学
sensation /senˈseɪʃn/ n. 感觉;知觉
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